How is the "solid black eyes" effect done?

In several shows, there are characters who gain solid black eyes, usually to indicate that they have turned on sort of superhuman or supernatural ability. For instance, Alexander Lyta in Babylon 5

Ruby in Supernatural

And Bizarro Supergirl in Supergirl

(Strangely, this effect seems to be used quite frequently with long-haired women).

How is this effect achieved? My first thought is contacts, but all the contacts I've ever seen aren't big enough to completely cover the eye. Also, wouldn't solid black contact lenses obstruct vision?

production effects

Best Answer

Contact Lenses

These are "Sclera" lenses...they are much larger than 'normal' contacts which usually only cover the iris (colored part) of the eye.

A quick google search found many examples including this demo of them being inserted. Some interesting information here.

Note that the center of the lens is clear and does not impede vision. The pupil is black anyway so the illusion is maintained especially in slightly darker environments..or perhaps shaded by long hair. :)