Yes: Satan (Christianity) and Nirrti (Hinduism)

In season 3 episode Demons they encounter a medieval Catholic society.

Carter: The UAV photos were right, there it is. Looks like a church.

O'Neill: And that would mean what?

Teal'c: That it is most likely Christians reside here, O'Neill. [...]

Daniel: Which means they probably had to have been taken from somewhere in medieval Europe through the Antarctic gate.

At first, they think the Goa'uld is playing the Abrahamic God

Daniel: Well, if these people were already Christians when they were taken from Earth, that suggests this Goa'uld is…is playing…

O'Neill: God? As in God God? It's a bit of a stretch, don't you think?

Teal'c: I know of no Goa'uld capable of showing the necessary compassion or benevolence that I have read of in your Bible.

The people feared a demon (Unas) who was a servant of the devil (Sokar).

Unas (in a distorted, Goa'uld-like voice): The time of Sacrifice is at hand. My lord Satan calls for five wretched souls to reclaim as his.

Recurring character Nirrti was also the Hindu goddess of 'deathly hidden realms and sorrows'.

Yes & No

For a very good In Universe reason.... most of those religions weren't (AFAIK) established until after the Goa'uld had left Earth in 3000BC.

The episode Mobius established that SG1 helped oust the Goa'uld from Earth by travelling in time to 3000BC using a Puddle Jumper.

In addition, the religions described (he says carefully) would not fit the Goa'u'd methodology. Teal'c says...

I know of no Goa’uld capable of showing the necessary compassion or benevolence that I have read of in your Bible.

However, as has been pointed out in comments various religions that came into existence after the removal of the Egyptian stargate are referenced, including Hinduism, Shinto and, by implication Christianity.

Whether the Goa'uld were the inspiration for these "gods" or just assumed their names is unclear though.

For instance: Christianity

The medieval Christian beliefs of the humans means that their ancestors must have been taken from Earth after the first council of Nicaea in AD 325 that established the said belief system and likely after the fall of the Roman empire and into the Dark Ages given their belief in demons, which makes it highly likely they were the last group of humans to leave Earth until the rediscovery of the Stargate and Dr. Ernest Littlefield's 1945 trip though the gate and the last group of humans ever to be taken off-world as Goa'uld slaves. Since this puts their departure well beyond the known date of the rebellion against the Goa'uld, especially after the alternate SG-1's involvement in "Moebius, Part 2", they were likely removed via ships...or via the second Stargate in Antarctica as it was stated the Goa'uld used it and as evident of the two Jaffa they found frozen there.

^Wikia

Yes, several made appearances on the show:

• Hindu goddesses Nirrti and Kali
• Shinto goddess Amaterasu
• Olokun, a figure in the religion of the Yoruba

There are also numerous Hindu deities mentioned in canon, including Shiva, Indra, and Vritra.

Does Satan count as a "modern god"?

If so, then there's Sokar.

Islam, Christianity and Judaism have the same god. I doubt any Goa’uld would dare mimic him, as he did kill the first born son of all Egyptians under the rule of Thutmose II. See this Quora post.

I also would remind others that Hinduism is almost as ancient as God, 4000 years instead of 5000 years.

And that no Goa’uld would be patient enough to be Buddhist. Perhaps Tok’Ra created Buddhism in SGU?