Did Frank Underwood mean for the bill to fail?

The short answer is, Frank Underwood doesn't care if the bill passes or fails. The only thing he wants is for Peter Russo to fail.

The longer answer with background: Frank Underwood stated Russo was a pawn. Understand that after Frank is undermined for the Secretary position by Linda (and we later find out Tusk), he wanted something bigger and he wanted his revenge. Frank is the Master Manipulator (caps intended). It was Frank's intent for Russo to be clean for a couple of months, to run for the Pennsylvania Governor's race, only to bomb out. He didn't plan for Russo to try and continue with his attempted run for the Governorship, though, and thus the improvisation of the "suicide". Frank's plan was for Russo to fail, and fail miserably. This was so there would be a hole in the Pennsylvania race for Governor. He knew the VP was pining to be in the spot light again, so just worked it out so it would be him who would re-run for the Governor's spot. The Democrat Party would have no one else they could run for the spot. This leaves the VP spot wide open for Frank to take over. Even Claire's position at the foundation is all just a ploy. She leaves as soon as Frank has secured the VP position. The bill is just a means to an end. It gives Russo a platform to run on. It's putting Russo in place and his ultimate failure too close to the election. This is what Frank wants. Once Russo fails, the dominoes start falling and his plan is seen through. Mind you, we don't know much of this until the end of the first season, but it's all there.

You might reconsider the first non-answer in your list. Here is what I understood.

Frank's original plan is to have Russo run for governor and only in the last minute to see him fail miserably in order for the vice president to continue the race and leave his position open. And precisely here is your answer.

• Russo's failure should occur only a few days before the elections. Why? Because this would force a fast reaction from everybody, especially from the VP. The party doesn't want to loose the position and the VP doesn't have too much time for hesitation. This will bring up his desire to become a governor again and he will go for it. So it's a mix of internal desire and peer pressure.
• Russo should have a very dramatic failure. Everything should have run perfect until the single (and final) blow at the end. Why? Because the VP and the party wouldn't be interested in rescuing a dying campaign in the last few days. I mean, what are the chances to get all the needed potential votes with a new candidate, without a platform and in a matter of, let's say, a week? By that time, most people would have already decided with whom to vote. So yes, the VP should be interested in the campaign from the start. He would have to be determined to save that potential. He wouldn't have risked his current position for something already half-dead.

As for the suicide attempt, I do not know if it was planned ahead. I think it was only a decision made on the spot to make Russo quiet. I believe that the plan was only to make him fail so bad that he would leave by himself or be forced by the party to abandon the race. Still, if the suicide was planned (improbable), a sudden major blow from out of nowhere would crush someone's hopes. When it is all of a sudden, the impact is bigger. Otherwise, if it comes after some other failures, it might leave no real wounds.